This page has acknowledgements of authors and contributors.

Dr. Dan Dewey had a vision for a textbook that implemented positive psychology and language learning outcomes. We decided to continue the process and make enough lesson plans to fill an entire year of listening and speaking curriculum. It was decided that Positive Psychology in the Classroom: Lesson Plans for English Language Teachers would be open source here in Ed Tech Books to allow its influence to reach as many people as possible. We hope to make a positive impact on students, teachers, and institutions by sharing our resources.

Dr. Martin Seligman was a key figure at the start of the modern positive psychology movement. Feeling that the current field of psychology was too focused on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and getting patients back to “normal,” Seligman decided to explore the roots of wellness and optimal functioning. In his book, Flourish, Dr. Seligman introduced the acronym PERMA to reflect 5 elements of well-being: Positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement.

“When you arise in the morning give thanks for the food and for the joy of living. If you see no reason for giving thanks, the fault lies only in yourself.” —Tecumseh. "Gratitude is the beginning of wisdom. Stated differently, true wisdom cannot be obtained unless it is built on a foundation of true humility and gratitude." —Gordon B. Hinckley

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to recognize positive feelings through answering questions about gratitude and experience and express positive feelings through talking about gratitude. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to connect content to background knowledge, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, ask and answer a limited variety of questions, and use specific phrases/chunks to express positive feelings through talking about gratitude.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to recognize positive feelings through answering questions about the video and experience and express positive feelings through talking about gratitude. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to make inferences, predict what information will follow, connect content to background knowledge, narrate/describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, and use organizational patterns when speaking.

“It’s your reaction to adversity, not adversity itself that determines how your life’s story will develop.” ―Dieter F. Uchtdorf. “Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” ― Confucius.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define resilience, define stress, talk about causes of stress, identify ways to increase resilience, and understand the relationship between stress and resilience. Language Learning Outcomes Students will learn how to recite target vocabulary and phrases about stress, understand and use cause in the simple present to express ongoing stress, and understand and use to be + adjective (stressful) to express stress.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define stress, define resilience, identify ways to increase resilience, and recognize that stress can reduce resiliency, and understand the relationship between stress and resilience. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will learn to use pre-listening strategies to improve listening comprehension, use conditional statements with when, and use thinking before speaking to improve communication.

"People don't care how much you know until they know how much you care." -Theodore Roosevelt.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will discuss what makes a good friend, identify ways to listen actively, and identify the four types of responding (active constructive, active destructive, passive constructive, and passive destructive) with the help of a visual. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for the main idea, listen for specific information, ask follow-up questions to get more information, and use high-frequency general vocabulary.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify four ways that people respond to good news: active constructive, active destructive, passive constructive, and passive destructive; identify characteristics of the four types of responding; explain the importance of active constructive responding; and define active constructive responding. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, listen for the main idea, use context and background knowledge to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words, and ask follow-up questions to get more information.

"The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others." -Mahatma Gandhi.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what service is and share their experiences with it, experience positive feelings in discussing the experiences of service, and recognize and plan ways that they perform service for others. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what service is and share their experiences with it, experience positive feelings in discussing the experiences of service, and recognize and plan ways that they perform service for others. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

"A goal without a plan is only a dream." - Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will start exploring and reflecting on meaningful life goals, and they will experience positive feelings through talking about their dreams. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice the pronunciation of adjectives ending in -ed, create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech, and create groups of sentences that are connected in meaning and purpose to give reasons.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will start exploring and reflecting on meaningful life goals and experience positive feelings through talking about their dreams. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will make inferences, predict what info will follow, listen for specific information, narrate in the past tense, and use organizational patterns while speaking.

Content: Expressing Gratitude - Novice High; Expressing Gratitude - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize positive feelings through answering questions about gratitude, and they will experience and express positive feelings through saying 'thank you' to someone. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech, and actively participate in conversations through proper responses.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize positive feelings through talking about the video and experience positive feelings through participating in the gratitude experiment. Language Learning outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge and make predictions.

“Just remember, you can do anything you set your mind to, but it takes action, perseverance, and facing your fears.” – Gillian Anderson. Content: Perseverance - Novice High; Perseverance - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn about perseverance as a trait, learn from examplars of perseverance, and learn that focus, flexibility, and effort are key to perseverance. Perseverant people focus on what they can do. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will use synonyms to better understand words, ask questions about someone, and practice inference.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn about perseverance as a trait, learn from learning about examplars of perseverance, and learn that focus, flexibility, and effort are key to perseverance. Perseverant people focus on what they can do. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will use synonyms to better understand words, ask questions about someone, and practice inference.

“Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a harder battle.” - Plato. Content: Kindness - Novice High; Kindness - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn about the health benefits of kindness (less stress, anxiety, depression, etc.), identify different ways people can show kindness to one another, and identify a way that they can show someone kindness during the week. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand the explicit main idea and salient minor details, describe familiar and general topics, and recognize and reproduce high-frequency vocabulary.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn about the health benefits of kindness (less stress, anxiety, depression, etc.), identify different ways people can show kindness to one another, and identify a way that they can show someone kindness during the week. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will narrate/describe familiar and general topics; understand explicit and implicit main ideas, major details, and minor details; and make inferences.

Content: Volunteerism - Novice High; Volunteerism - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will reflect on their identity--including their interests, skills, and goals; discuss the positive feelings and outcomes of volunteering; and assist their peers to make a plan for volunteering in their community. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice asking and answering interview questions, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and ask and answer a limited variety of questions.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will reflect on their identity--including their interests, skills, and goals; discuss the positive feelings and outcomes of volunteering; and assist their peers to make a plan for volunteering in their community. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice asking and answering interview questions, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and ask and answer a limited variety of questions.

There are 24 character strengths (CS) that a person can possess, each within a category of six different virtues, which are wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). These CS are reminders of the best qualities of one’s personality. CS have value in other areas of human flourishing as well. Character strengths are positively related to academic success (indicators such as GPA) and academic satisfaction (Rashid & Seligman, 2008; Lounsbury, Fisher, Levy & Welsh, 2009). The Values in Action (VIA) provides a survey to measure these 24 strengths. CS that are weaknesses don’t have to remain weaknesses. They can be improved. CS are also relevant and promote flourishing– experiencing positive emotions, social experiences and growth that are associated with “happiness, flow, meaning, love, gratitude, accomplishment” and so forth (Seligman, 2012)– in many different domains of life (Wagner, Pindeus, & Ruch, 2021). Because CS are relevant in multiple aspects of life, knowing personal CS can cultivate improvement in those aspects.

Content: Overview on Character Strengths - Novice High; Overview on Character Strengths - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define a characteristic, recognize characteristics, recognize personal characteristics, and describe personal characteristics. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, and actively participate in conversations through proper responses.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define a characteristic, recognize character strengths, recognize personal character strengths, and recognize character strengths in others. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, use context and background knowledge to infer meaning of unfamiliar words, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and predict what information will follow.

“Appreciation is a wonderful thing; it makes what is excellent in others belong to us as well.“ --Voltaire. "Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it." --Confucius.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize, describe and experience beauty in nature and the world; identify and describe the beauty within themselves and others around them; and practice mindfulness meditation. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will learn to use sense verbs (see, hear, feel, smell) in simple sentences; use formulaic language to describe nature and the strengths of others; and learn new vocabulary related to nature, skills, and traits.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize, describe and experience beauty in the world and in nature; identify and describe the beauty within others around them and in themselves; and practice mindfulness meditation. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will describe various scenes in nature using sense verbs and nature vocabulary; use adjectives to talk about character strengths; and learn new vocabulary related to nature, skills, and traits.

“Alone we can do so little, together we can do so much.” -Helen Keller.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what teamwork is and share their experiences with it, and they will experience positive feelings in discussing the experiences of teamwork. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what teamwork is and share their experiences with it, and they will experience positive feelings in discussing the experiences of teamwork. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

Content: Love of Learning - Novice High; Love of Learning - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will have an increased awareness of different ways to retain information, recognize critical thinking skills, and identify different self-motivation strategies. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice using target vocabulary in context and participate in conversations with proper responses.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will have an increased awareness of different ways to retain information, recognize critical thinking skills, and identify different self-motivation strategies. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice using target vocabulary in context, participate in conversations with proper responses, and improve pronunciation of “l” or “y” with target vocabulary.

Content: Kindness - Novice High; Kindness - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize acts of kindness, discuss ways to be more kind, discuss how kindness affects others, and evaluate how kindness feels for self and others. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and recognize high frequency general and academic vocabulary.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize acts of kindness, discuss ways to be more kind, discuss how kindness affects others, and evaluate how kindness feels for self and others. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, listen for specific information, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and recognize high frequency general and academic vocabulary.

“Honesty is the best policy.” -Benjamin Franklin.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn why and how to be honest with others, recognize how honesty may differ across cultures, and understand what it means to be honest with themselves. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice using target vocabulary in context, participate in conversations with proper responses, and be able to use the conditional verb tense while speaking.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn why and how to be honest with others, recognize how honesty may differ across cultures, and understand what it means to be honest with themselves. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will practice using target vocabulary in context, participate in conversations with proper responses, and be able to use the conditional verb tense in speaking.

"Perhaps our most important quality as humans is our capability to self-regulate. It has provided us with an adaptive edge that enabled our ancestors to survive and even flourish when changing conditions led other species to extinction. Our regulatory skill or lack thereof is the source of our perception of personal agency that lies at the core of our sense of self." -- Barry Zimmerman.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what self-regulation is and share their experiences with it, and they will notice the positives about self-regulation and how it can help in their lives. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what self-regulation is and share their experiences with it, and they will notice the positives about self-regulation and how it can help in their lives. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, connect context to meaning, narrate/describe in present tense across a variety of familiar and general topics, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” -Albert Einstein.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what curiosity is and share topics they are curious about, and they will understand that people are curious about different subjects and respect those differences. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, identify a speaker’s point of view and understand main ideas, and converse about topics familiar to them and ask questions about topics they may not be familiar with.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will learn what curiosity is and share topics they are curious about, and they will understand that people are curious about different subjects and respect those differences. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will connect content to background knowledge, identify a speaker’s point of view and understand main ideas, and talk about topics familiar to them and ask questions about topics they may not be familiar with.

Content: Spirituality - Novice High; Spirituality - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will make connections outside of themselves and think deeply about who they are and their purpose for life. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will create sentences using the future tense “will” and explain new vocabulary words associated to the topic.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will make connections outside of themselves and think deeply about who they are and their purpose for life. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will create sentences using the future tenses “will” and “going to" and explain vocabulary associated with the topic.

“You can’t use up creativity. The more you use, the more you have.” -Maya Angelou.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify and exemplify creativity and discover how they and others are creative. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will learn vocabulary words associated with creativity, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, infer meaning of unfamiliar words by using background knowledge, and create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify and exemplify creativity and discover how they and others are creative. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will learn vocabulary words associated with creativity; adequately support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons; and connect content to background knowledge.

Mindfulness focuses on awareness and acceptance. Being mindful or aware of ourselves and our surroundings and then accepting it allows us to be in a natural state of peace and happiness. (McKenzie, 2015). Feelings of stress usually don’t combine with feelings of peace and happiness. It may seem that being fully aware of ourselves and our surroundings is intimidating instead of helpful, but being mindful is a factor that leads to flow—intense concentration (Egbert, 2004). This intense concentration may be the cause of higher productivity. Mindfulness, as the basic ability to be fully present, can potentially benefit language learning outcomes since it helps to better focus our attention and avoid distractions that may keep us from reaching our goals. Awareness and acceptance are important qualities to practice while focusing on specific strengths and weaknesses in character and personality because comparison and judgment may be factors people use against themselves, causing feelings of negativity. The lesson plans included in this chapter integrate mindfulness with language learning activities and were designed to help learners improve their overall well-being as they develop language skills.

Content: Overview - Intermediate Low; Overview - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will discuss the meaning of mindfulness, recognize the importance of mindfulness, and identify how mindfulness helps language learning. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand explicit major detail, use high-frequency general vocabulary, and use morphological cues to guess the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will discuss the meaning of mindfulness, recognize the importance of mindfulness, and identify how mindfulness helps language learning. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, understand speaker's purpose and point of view, and use syntactic and morphological cues to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Content: Mindful People - Intermediate Low; Mindful People - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize attributes belonging to mindful people and identify how to approach a problematic situation mindfully. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will use high frequency general vocabulary, connect content to background knowledge, describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, and actively participate in conversations through proper responses.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize attributes belonging to mindful people and identify how to approach a problematic situation mindfully. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will use high frequency general vocabulary, connect content to background knowledge, describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, and actively participate in conversations through proper responses.

Content: Responding to Disappointments - Intermediate Low; Responding to Disappointments - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify what disappointment is, recognize their own challenges, and learn strategies for responding to disappointment. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand and use key vocabulary, connect content to background knowledge, actively participate in a conversation through proper responses, and listen and follow directions extensively.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify what disappointment is, recognize their own challenges, and learn strategies for responding to disappointment. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand and use key vocabulary about the topic, narrate in the past tense, actively participate in a conversation through proper responses, and listen for minor details.

"Perfectionism is not the same thing as striving to be our best. Perfectionism is not about healthy achievement and growth; it's a shield." --Brene Brown. "Many people think of perfectionism as striving to be your best, but it is not about self-improvement; it's about earning approval and acceptance." --Brene Brown

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize the value of mistakes in language learning, identify the three types of perfectionism, identify ways to combat perfectionism, and create goals to respond to mistakes positively as a class. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and narrate/describe in past tense about a personal experience.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize the value of mistakes in language learning, identify the three types of perfectionism, identify ways to combat perfectionism, and create goals to respond to mistakes positively as a class. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, actively participate in conversations through proper responses, and narrate/describe in past tense a personal experience.

Content: The Five Senses - Intermediate Low; The Five Senses - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify their own senses, recognize their surroundings, and use grounding techniques to counter anxiety. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, use high frequency general vocabulary, connect content about the Five Senses to background knowledge, listen for specific information, and understand explicit main ideas.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify their own senses, recognize their surroundings, and use grounding techniques to counter anxiety. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will describe in all major time frames about familiar, general, and academic topics; understand explicit and implicit major details; and adequately support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons.

Content: Connecting to the Past - Intermediate Low; Connecting to the Past - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will mindfully review their progress over the semester, and they will describe and remember their past self with an attitude of gratitude. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will create language based on memorized phrases and formulaic speech, describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, and listen for specific information.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will mindfully review their progress over the semester, and they will describe and remember their past self with an attitude of gratitude. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will narrate/describe in all major time frames about familiar, general, and academic topics; use transitions to link related ideas; make inferences; and listen for specific information.

“The most powerful relationship you will ever have is the relationship with yourself.” -Steve Maraboli.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify examples of self-compassion, recognize ways to be more self-compassionate, and practice self-compassion. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will review vocabulary about the topic, listen for major details and vocabulary in context, use “I would” hypothetical language to talk about themselves, and rewrite negated sentences into positive sentences.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify examples of self-compassion, recognize ways to be more self-compassionate, and practice self-compassion. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will review vocabulary about the topic, listen for major details and vocabulary in context, use hypothetical language to talk about themselves, and rewrite negated sentences into positive sentences.

Content: Perspective - Intermediate Low; Perspective - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will practice how to mindfully shift their perspectives and explain a different perspective than their own. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will actively participates in conversations through proper responses and support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will practice how to mindfully shift their perspectives be able to explain a different perspective than their own. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will actively participates in conversations through proper responses and support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons.

Content: Handling Strong Emotions - Intermediate Low; Handling Strong Emotions - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize and label emotions and create a plan of action for successfully navigating emotions in learning a new language. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand explicit main ideas, listen for specific information, narrate/describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, and use high frequency general vocabulary.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will recognize and label emotions and create a plan of action for successfully navigating emotions in learning a new language. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will use circumlocution to clarify meaning, narrate/describe in all major time frames about familiar and general topics, understand explicit main ideas, and listen for specific information.

Content: Mindful Academic Relationships - Intermediate Low; Mindful Academic Relationships - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify benefits of group work, practice communication skills, and develop genuine connections through sharing experiences. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for major details, use key vocabulary to accomplish a group task, use statements as questions, and narrate/describe in past tense about a personal experience.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify benefits of group work, practice communication skills, and develop genuine connections through sharing experiences. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for major details, effectively deal with unanticipated complications in group work, use statements as questions, and narrate/describe in past tense about a personal experience.

Content: Mindful Learning - Intermediate Low; Mindful Learning - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will talk about the importance of mindfulness in learning, set a goal to be more mindful in language learning, and describe how to use mindfulness to improve language learning outcomes. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, connect content to background knowledge, and focus on pronunciation.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will talk about the importance of mindfulness in learning, set a goal to be more mindful in language learning, and describe how to use mindfulness to improve language learning outcomes. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information, connect content to background knowledge, and focus on pronunciation.

Content: Cultural Mindfulness - Intermediate Low; Cultural Mindfulness - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be exposed to cultures different from their own and practice awareness and responsiveness when discussing others’ cultures. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand the speaker's point of view; adequately support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons; and connect content to background knowledge.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will be exposed to cultures different from their own and practice awareness and responsiveness when discussing others’ cultures. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will understand the speaker's point of view; adequately support ideas and opinions with facts, examples, and reasons; and connect content to background knowledge.

Content: Selective Attention - Intermediate Low; Selective Attention - Intermediate High

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify both the positive and negative effects of selective attention and practice directing their focus on more mindful habits. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information and be able to repeat spoken information.

Positive Psychology Learning Outcomes: Students will identify both the positive and negative effects of selective attention and practice directing their focus on more mindful habits. Language Learning Outcomes: Students will listen for specific information and be able to repeat spoken information.

Annotated Bibliography