Writing for General Audiences

Charles, C. C.; Clawson, N.; Haupt, J.; Larsen, J.

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<p id="p_aILT" name="p_aILT" class=""><img src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_1.jpg" class="img-fluid col-12" alt="14.jpg" id="img_FGmv" name="img_FGmv" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_1.jpg"></p><div class="callout default" data-callout-custom-class="default"><h3 id="h3_ZvqS" name="h3_ZvqS" class="">Learning Outcomes</h3><ul id="ul_SnpV" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ul" data-offset-key="aq6ff-0-0" name="ul_SnpV"><li id="li_FJde" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="aq6ff-0-0" name="li_FJde"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="aq6ff-0-0"><span data-offset-key="aq6ff-0-0" class="">Understand the difference between writing for a general audience versus an academic audience</span></div></li><li id="li_GJGy" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="1ueam-0-0" name="li_GJGy"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1ueam-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1ueam-0-0" class="">Recognize the benefits of analyzing your audience</span></div></li><li id="li_eZPA" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="1ueam-0-0" name="li_eZPA"><span data-offset-key="1ueam-0-0" class="">Define and evaluate your purpose, context, and message</span></li><li id="li_vTVE" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="3es57-0-0" name="li_vTVE"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3es57-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3es57-0-0" class="">Learn strategies for designing and presenting a message so that it is successfully understood by a general audience</span></div></li></ul></div><h2 id="h2_MTuF" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ccqf4-0-0" name="h2_MTuF"><span data-offset-key="ccqf4-0-0" class="">14.1 What the Heck Are General Audiences?</span></h2><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0" class="">This might come as a surprise to you, but when you graduate, you won't always be working with people in your field. Don't get me wrong—you'll still be expected to communicate in the specialized language of your discipline to people <em class="">inside</em> your discipline, but people <em class="">outside</em> your field will also need to understand your work—people like your manager, your customers or clients, and maybe even your significant other. You'll need to learn how to translate complicated topics for these <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="general_audiences">general audiences</span>, also known as <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="public_audiences">public audiences</span>, in order to get your message across. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9ft1n-2-0" class="">In fact, just because most of you are </span><span data-offset-key="9ft1n-2-1" class="">young, </span><span data-offset-key="9ft1n-2-2" class="">people will automatically assume that you're tech savvy and an expert at posting on social media. And this will most likely lead to you being tasked with writing posts and blogs for your company, program, or department—even if you've never done it before. But don't panic. Instead, get good at it!</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dc2hv-0-0" class="">And despite what people assume about youngsters, even if you're skilled at following celebrities on Twitter or posting cat memes on Instagram, that doesn't mean that you know how to represent your company online or report on research published by your favorite professor. So we want to arm you with strategies to tackle the tricky task of writing for people </span><em class="">not</em><span data-offset-key="dc2hv-0-2" class=""> in your field because there are actually tried-and-true strategies you can use to make the biggest impact. And understanding these strategies could make or break your job search, your career, or possibly even your love life.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8luv7-0-0" class="">I'm serious about the love life thing. If you need more convincing, watch what happened when Jimmy Fallon </span><em class="">failed </em><span data-offset-key="8luv7-0-2" class="">to understand the <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="rhetorical_situation">rhetorical situation</span> </span><span data-offset-key="8luv7-2-0" class="">when he met Nicole Kidman a few years ago. (Watch at least through minute 3:00.)</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9ft1n-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="8luv7-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8luv7-0-0"><figure class="col-12"><a class="d-block text-center" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtsNbxgPngA&autoplay=1" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtsNbxgPngA&autoplay=1"><img class="img-fluid" id="YT_qtsNbxgPngA" data-youtube-thumbnail-style="max" src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/qtsNbxgPngA/maxresdefault.jpg" data-mce-src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/qtsNbxgPngA/maxresdefault.jpg"></a><figcaption class="text-center"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtsNbxgPngA&autoplay=1" rel="noopener" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtsNbxgPngA&autoplay=1">Watch on YouTube</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="a8mh7-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8mh7-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="text-align: center;" data-offset-key="a8mh7-0-0" data-mce-style="text-align: center;">https://youtu.be/qtsNbxgPngA</div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8mh7-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8mh7-0-0"><span data-offset-key="1s8fa-0-0" class="">Remember the good ol' </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-foi" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools"><span data-offset-key="1s8fa-1-0" class="">rhetorical triangle</span></a><span data-offset-key="1s8fa-2-0" class="">? Well, Jimmy made some classic mistakes when he analyzed the rhetorical situation before meeting Nicole Kidman. He clearly didn't understand his audience (a sophisticated, talented woman who was interested in him), he clearly misinterpreted the purpose and context (movie meeting vs date), and he clearly blew the message (wearing sweats and playing video games). No amount of brie cheese could salvage that meeting, and even years later he had to ask, "Did I date Nicole Kidman?"</span></div></div><figure class="" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="4djlj-0-0"><div class="blockAlignmentToolbarHoCstyles__BlockAlignmentToolbarContainer-x3kbuy-0 jABrKN"><div role="none" class=""><div class="Imagestyles__ImageContainer-sc-1m2aclr-0 fKWTZi"><figure class="col-12 col-md-6 float-md-end ms-md-3"><img class="img-fluid" alt="512px-Donald_Sadoway_Lecture.jpeg" format="right" src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_2.jpg" id="img_ZfcQ" name="img_ZfcQ" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_2.jpg" data-mce-style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div class="Imagestyles__Caption-sc-1m2aclr-5 kHuGCQ"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="text-align: center;" data-offset-key="4djlj-0-0" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"><span data-offset-key="4djlj-0-0" class=""> What your staunchest, most serious professor might look like at a dinner party. Photo by <a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Sadoway_Lecture.JPG" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-JTdY" data-unshortened-url="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Sadoway_Lecture.JPG" data-mce-href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Sadoway_Lecture.JPG">ThePlaz</a> on Wikimedia Commons</span></div></div></figure></div></div></div></figure><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="5uiqk-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5uiqk-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5uiqk-0-0" class="">Don't be like Jimmy—recognize when you're on a date! You've learned tools for analyzing your situation; use them! It pays to learn the best tools for translating your message to a general audience. It turns out even your staunchest, most boring, serious professor—you know the one who has a monotonous voice and always puts you to sleep—has to be able to explain their job to their next-door neighbor or at a dinner party or to their significant other (unless their significant other is also an expert in the same field, which means </span><span data-offset-key="5uiqk-0-2" class="">they probably have really boring, serious children. But I digress.).</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5uiqk-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="dsskb-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dsskb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="dsskb-0-0" class="">If, on the other hand, the love of your life is in a different field from you like, say, the field of mechanical engineering and neuroscience while you teach English literature and writing classes (just to pick a random example), then you need to learn how to translate the work you do to a more general audience in order to keep your relationship strong and show that you care. And that takes a new set of strategies that help bridge the gap between you and your general audience such as adding stories, using an engaging voice, and even including humor. See, I told you this chapter would be good for your love life!</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dsskb-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5se7r" data-offset-key="f645-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="f645-0-0"><span data-offset-key="f645-0-0" class="">In addition, if you want your work in your field to make a big difference and get attention, you need to know how to highlight it so that people will listen. That's why these days so many people post articles on </span><em class="">LinkedIn </em><span data-offset-key="f645-0-2" class="">and </span><em class="">Medium.com </em><span data-offset-key="f645-0-4" class="">and even</span><em class=""> Facebook</em><span data-offset-key="f645-0-6" class="">,</span><em class=""> Instagram</em><span data-offset-key="f645-0-8" class="">, and </span><em class="">Twitter</em><span data-offset-key="f645-0-10" class="">—to highlight what they do for the greater public to understand, which in turn increases their reputation and personal brand. You, too, can get the attention you deserve! But you have to learn how to appeal to a general audience. And that's where we're going to start: audience.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="f645-0-0"><h2 id="h2_DVeG" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5l8uh-0-0" name="h2_DVeG"><span data-offset-key="5l8uh-0-0" class="">14.2 Audience in the Real World</span></h2><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="599ma" data-offset-key="f2err-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="f2err-0-0"><span data-offset-key="f2err-0-0" class="">The most important thing we can teach you about writing for general audiences is to analyze your audience. Companies spend millions of dollars a year analyzing their audiences to convince people to buy their products. They've learned that understanding their audience's preferences, motivations, and values is a key to good sales. This is often called market research. For example, here's a one-minute ad from IBM for an artificial intelligence-powered marketing platform whose sole purpose is to try to help companies understand their audience better:  </span></div></div><figure class="" data-block="true" data-editor="599ma" data-offset-key="4kb3d-0-0"><div class="blockAlignmentToolbarHoCstyles__BlockAlignmentToolbarContainer-x3kbuy-0 eHCRaR"><div role="none" class=""><div class="Videostyles__Container-sc-1wjbcw0-0 dgEeRn"><figure class=""><div class="Videostyles__Caption-sc-1wjbcw0-3 gagdkX"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4kb3d-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="text-align: center;" data-offset-key="4kb3d-0-0" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"><span data-offset-key="4kb3d-0-0" class=""><iframe width="560" height="314" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" class="" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Wnpr2EMtVus"></iframe></span></div></div></figure></div></div></div></figure><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="599ma" data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="text-align: center;" data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"><span data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0" class="">Watch this video to see how you become a company's target audience.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0"><span data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0" class="">It makes you re-think how you spend your time (and clicks) online, doesn't it? Or at least how many times you post on social media about eating waffles. The bottom line from IBM and this section on audience is that audience matters—if you can really understand who you're presenting to, you can make your message appealing to them and in turn effect the change you'd like them to make. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="e6ogg-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="599ma" data-offset-key="6onop-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6onop-0-0"><span data-offset-key="6onop-0-0" class="">So when you think about your audience, spend some time trying to imagine them. Consider demographics. Age. Gender. Socioeconomic status. What other companies would your target audience follow? Consider where your audience gets their social media content. Do they spend their time on Facebook? Or do they prefer Instagram or Twitter? Do they use the Google App or the News App on their iPhone? Consider "problems." What problem are you providing a solution for? You should empathize with their dilemmas and provide an answer to their issues. Let's practice.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_wmGD" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5inp9-0-0" name="h3_wmGD"><span data-offset-key="5inp9-0-0" class="">Audience Analysis</span></h3><div class="callout info"><h3 id="h3_TuJh" name="h3_TuJh" class="">Nike Audience Analysis</h3><div class="form-group"><p id="p_skVG" name="p_skVG" class="">For this assignment, let's look at Nike. Go to <a href="https://www.nike.com/" class="" data-mce-href="https://www.nike.com/">nike.com</a> and see if you can answer the following Audience Analysis Questions. Note that you might not be able to answer all of them. Thinking through all of this information, write a short paragraph 3-4 sentence analysis of Nike's audience.</p><ol id="ol_VPsp" name="ol_VPsp" class=""><li id="li_FJjk" name="li_FJjk" class="">What is the approximate size of Nike's audience? Are they addressing a small population or a sizable group?</li><li id="li_TNtX" name="li_TNtX" class="">Who, specifically, are they targeting? (Think demographics)</li><li id="li_RZTd" name="li_RZTd" class="">What is the demographic makeup of Nike's audience (age, gender, education level, ethnicity), and how might they use that information to develop and shape their content?</li><li id="li_VYsK" name="li_VYsK" class="">What personal and professional traits does Nike have in common with the members of their audience?</li><li id="li_PxvB" name="li_PxvB" class="">Are there any cultural considerations that may influence how their audience responds to their content?</li><li id="li_hikA" name="li_hikA" class="">Does their audience expect to be entertained as well as informed?</li><li id="li_ufhp" name="li_ufhp" class="">Does Nike target certain members of their audience, and if so, which members?</li><li id="li_VzEB" name="li_VzEB" class="">How does Nike earn their audience's trust? How do they demonstrate their knowledge or expertise?</li><li id="li_jNLd" name="li_jNLd" class="">What preconceptions or biases might be held by some members of their aucience?</li><li id="li_Bfat" name="li_Bfat" class="">What expectations will their audience have regarding Nike's social media content?</li><li id="li_eTxZ" name="li_eTxZ" class="">What expectations does their audience have regarding the format of their social media content?</li><li id="li_SPKH" name="li_SPKH" class="">What key questions does Nike's audience expect them to answer?</li><li id="li_mfiu" name="li_mfiu" class="">What key objections are audience members likely to raise?</li><li id="li_ptUI" name="li_ptUI" class="">To connect to the needs and interests of their audience, what particular appeals does Nike include in their social media content?</li></ol></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="599ma" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0" class="">Now that you understand Nike's audience, you are much better prepared to know how to appeal to them, what tone to use with them, and how to present information so they will pay attention. You can and should analyze your audience in similar ways before you communicate to them—which leads me to this textbook.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><h3 id="h3_PDLB" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="56s3b-0-0" name="h3_PDLB"><span data-offset-key="56s3b-0-0" class="">Under the Hood</span></h3><figure class="" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="7vrj2-0-0"><div class="blockAlignmentToolbarHoCstyles__BlockAlignmentToolbarContainer-x3kbuy-0 htkwrS"><div role="none" class=""><div class="ToolbarContainerstyles__Toolbar-sf156v-0 klYnwa"><figure class="col-12"><img src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_3.jpg" alt="hosea-georgeson-ac1-FGch-E0-unsplash_smaller.jpeg" class="img-fluid" id="img_QmBDT" name="img_QmBDT" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_3.jpg"><figcaption class=""><span data-offset-key="7vrj2-0-0" class="">Photo by </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://unsplash.com/@thekidnamedhosea" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-aKhE" data-unshortened-url="https://unsplash.com/@thekidnamedhosea" data-mce-href="https://unsplash.com/@thekidnamedhosea"><span data-offset-key="7vrj2-1-0" class="">Hosea Georgeson</span></a><span data-offset-key="7vrj2-2-0" class=""> on </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://unsplash.com/" data-mce-href="https://unsplash.com/"><span data-offset-key="7vrj2-3-0" class="">Unsplash</span></a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></figcaption></figure></div></div><div role="none" class=""><div class="Imagestyles__ImageContainer-sc-1m2aclr-0 fKWTZi"> </div></div></div></figure><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="bomf5-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bomf5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="bomf5-0-0" class="">I'll let you in on a secret. When we decided to write this textbook, we had a dilemma: should we model academic writing by using a formal, serious, and scholarly tone? Or should we as authors use a less formal, conversational voice that would appeal more to a general audience?</span></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="5fkud-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5fkud-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5fkud-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5fkud-0-0" class="">To answer this, the first thing we authors did was analyze you—our audience. We talked about what type of textbook would appeal to you, what kind of content we should include, what kind of strategies we should use in our approach, and what kind of language to choose. We looked at previous textbooks, talked to our students, consulted other instructors, and even read <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501152016" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-vqjz" data-unshortened-url="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501152016" data-mce-href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501152016">a book</a> explaining recent research scholars have done specifically about your generation</span><span data-offset-key="5fkud-2-0" class="">. </span>How does it make you feel to know your textbook authors are thinking about you so much? We hope that rather than feeling creeped out, you feel flattered and happy that we care. Because we do. But either way, our audience analysis of you was very enlightening. <div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="cnf83" data-offset-key="9f8ah-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9f8ah-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="cnf83" data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0" class="">We came to the conclusion that even though lots of other textbook writers choose to model a stiff, academic tone, you probably wouldn't like that. Instead, we thought you'd appreciate if we wrote to you in our own voices as if we were having a conversation, as if you were sitting right there. </span><span data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0" class="">So we threw caution (and typical textbook conventions) to the wind and chose to treat you more like a general audience rather than an academic one in this book. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="eqvb-0-0" class="">And even though some of our colleagues worried that you'd mistake our conversational tone as the way <em class="">you</em> should write your <em class="">academic </em>papers, we've found that you're smarter than that—that you can do your own audience analysis and recognize that we're writing like this because our purpose (to teach college students about writing) is different than yours in an academic paper (to make a logical argument for your professor to show how well you've researched a topic).</span></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="cnf83" data-offset-key="emh35-0-0"><figure class="col-12 col-md-6 float-md-end ms-md-3"><img src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_4.jpg" alt="College_Students_1200.jpeg" class="img-fluid" id="img_tkySI" name="img_tkySI" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_4.jpg"><figcaption class="">When writing this textbook, we tried to imagine what college students like you would want. Photo by <a class="medium-editor-link-added" href="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-uhZ" data-unshortened-url="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1" data-mce-href="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1">Naassom Azevedo</a> on Unsplash</figcaption></figure><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="emh35-0-0"><p id="p_ezsTF" name="p_ezsTF" class="">When writing this textbook, we tried to imagine what college students like you would want. Photo by <a class="medium-editor-link-added" href="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-uhZ" data-unshortened-url="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1" data-mce-href="https://unsplash.com/@naassomz1">Naassom Azevedo</a> on <a class="medium-editor-link-added" href="http://unsplash.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-mce-href="http://unsplash.com/">Unsplash</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p><span data-offset-key="emh35-0-0" class="">In that vein, we determined that in this textbook, you'd want us to keep the paragraphs short, include personal stories, add images and videos, incorporate lots of white space and headings, and perhaps most importantly of all, make the textbook open source and free of cost. We did all this for you! Because we care. So far, we've had very positive feedback about our choice of conversational voice and interactive elements (not to mention the fact that it's free). But if you think of ways we can improve, please feel free to tell us in the end-of-chapter surveys. The beauty of an online textbook is that we're continually revising it, so bring on the feedback!</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="emh35-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="cnf83" data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0"><span data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0" class=""><span data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0" class="">Like our audience analysis of you, your analysis of your own audience will help you develop effective strategies to get your message across. And asking for feedback will help you figure out if you're hitting the mark. Now that you know your audience, let's talk about what else to consider when writing for general audiences.</span></span><div class="clearfix"> </div></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0"><h2 id="h2_IHtS" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6sktp-0-0" name="h2_IHtS"><span data-offset-key="6sktp-0-0" class="">14.3 Purpose, Context, and Message</span></h2><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="3505p-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="3505p-0-0"><span data-offset-key="3505p-0-0" class="">As Jimmy Fallon taught us, when we communicate, it helps to think through the rhetorical situation first. When you're writing to general audiences, once you have a sense of your audience and their values, you also need to think about the context you're writing in and delineate your <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="purpose">purpose</span></span><span data-offset-key="3505p-2-0" class="">—</span><em class="">why</em><span data-offset-key="3505p-2-2" class=""> are you communicating? Generally, most public communication falls into three categories: </span></div></div><ol class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ol" data-offset-key="auhs6-0-0" id="ol_EJZvA" name="ol_EJZvA"><li id="li_mVUYd" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-orderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="g3rr" data-offset-key="auhs6-0-0" name="li_mVUYd"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="auhs6-0-0"><strong class="">Informative</strong><span data-offset-key="auhs6-0-1" class="">—like reporting on the latest research coming out of computational linguistics</span></div></li><li id="li_UKAMF" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-orderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="g3rr" data-offset-key="c6qcc-0-0" name="li_UKAMF"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="c6qcc-0-0"><strong class="">Persuasive</strong><span data-offset-key="c6qcc-0-1" class="">—like convincing your city to install a stoplight at a dangerous intersection</span></div></li><li id="li_VdtQq" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-orderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="g3rr" data-offset-key="ausdb-0-0" name="li_VdtQq"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ausdb-0-0"><strong class="">A mix of the two</strong><span data-offset-key="ausdb-0-1" class="">—like explaining how germs are spread during flu season in order to persuade your audience to get a flu shot.</span></div></li></ol><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="73ara-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="73ara-0-0"><span data-offset-key="73ara-0-0" class=""> Ask yourself, What exactly do I want my audience to think after reading/hearing my message?</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="73ara-0-0"> </div></div><h3 id="h3_wgha" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6dbet-0-0" name="h3_wgha"><span data-offset-key="6dbet-0-0" class="">Informational Writing</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0" class="">If your goal is to inform, your focus will be on clarity. Keep the language simple and think through how much background information you need to give your audience. You can quote from experts—general audiences love appeals to character—as long as you keep the jargon to a minimum and explain where your information is coming from. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0" class="">You'll probably want to draw your reader/listener in with some kind of hook or interesting fact that introduces the topic and catches their attention. Then as you proceed, make sure there's a logical progression through your points. One way to test this is to have people read it and give you feedback—find people who fit the demographics of your audience if possible. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"> </div></div></div><figure class="col-12 col-md-6 float-md-end ms-md-3"><img src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_5.png" alt="info-908889_640.png" class="img-fluid" id="img_dzZQF" name="img_dzZQF" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_5.png"><figcaption class="">Choose clear diagrams, tables, figures, and/or images to illustrate your point. Image in <a href="https://pixabay.com/illustrations/info-infographic-design-information-908889/" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-TWZ" data-unshortened-url="https://pixabay.com/illustrations/info-infographic-design-information-908889/" data-mce-href="https://pixabay.com/illustrations/info-infographic-design-information-908889/">Public Domain</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></figcaption></figure><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="lbpd-0-0"><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ev0d5-0-0" class="">You also want to use strong visuals—especially if you want to portray data. Informational writing relies on facts, data, and statistics, but these need to be portrayed in easy, understandable ways, and visuals really help with that. Choose clear diagrams, tables, figures, and/or images to illustrate your point. <a href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/design_2" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-fVyW" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/design_2" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/design_2"><span>Document design</span></a> can also help—things such as bullets, headings and subheadings, bolded key terms or definitions, call-out boxes, color, and even white space. </span></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="2i2ph-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2i2ph-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="fb9dq-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="fb9dq-0-0"><span data-offset-key="fb9dq-0-0" class="">Even in informational writing, you can appeal to the emotions of your audience. For instance, consider including some type of story, </span><span data-offset-key="fb9dq-2-0" class="">example, or case study that connects with your audience because it will help them see the relevance of your point. You can even consider whether adding some humor would be appropriate. When you conclude, try to tie in your conclusion to your introduction and leave your audience with something memorable. Ask yourself, "What do I want my audience to remember?" End with that.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_cnGL" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4i4i1-0-0" name="h3_cnGL"><span data-offset-key="4i4i1-0-0" class="">Persuasive Writing</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="4big5-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4big5-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4big5-0-0" class="">As opposed to informational writing, if your goal is to persuade or get your audience to do or think something, then you're making an argument. There's a whole field of study called </span><span>rhetoric</span><span data-offset-key="4big5-0-2" class=""> that goes back to ancient times where people examine the best ways to persuade or influence others. When writing an argument, your objective is to propose a solution to a current problem, to have your audience see your opinion, point, or research claim as valid, true, and valuable. In other words, your purpose is to persuade, convince, motivate, or move readers toward a certain point of view or action. In fact, a lot of persuasive writing ends with a "call to action" where you overtly ask your audience to—you guessed it—take some kind of action.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4big5-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="d6e1f-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="d6e1f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="d6e1f-0-0" class="">In academic circles, persuasion is best done through published articles or presentations that focus on methods, data, results; but when it comes to general audiences, the focus changes first, to catching people's attention and then to convincing them with a mix of appeals to logic, character, and emotion.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_cWeK" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6op9-0-0" name="h3_cWeK"><span data-offset-key="6op9-0-0" class="">A Word on Narrative</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="bfrq0-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bfrq0-0-0"><span data-offset-key="bfrq0-0-0" class="">One particularly poignant tool to use in general audience writing is narrative—especially personal stories. As mentioned in </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-SFi" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style"><span data-offset-key="bfrq0-1-0" class="">Chapter 5: Style</span></a><span data-offset-key="bfrq0-2-0" class="">, we as humans are hard-wired to remember stories. Narratives that are personal, detailed, and interesting can be a point of convincing evidence that has the power to mold and change your readers' thinking much more than statistics or data alone can. </span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bfrq0-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0" class="">Watch this 3-minute video about the power of storytelling from one of the greatest group of storytellers in modern times: Pixar.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"><figure class="col-12"><a class="d-block text-center" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rMnzNZkIX0&autoplay=1" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rMnzNZkIX0&autoplay=1"><img class="img-fluid" id="YT_1rMnzNZkIX0" data-youtube-thumbnail-style="max" src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/1rMnzNZkIX0/maxresdefault.jpg" data-mce-src="https://i3.ytimg.com/vi/1rMnzNZkIX0/maxresdefault.jpg"></a><figcaption class="text-center"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rMnzNZkIX0&autoplay=1" rel="noopener" data-mce-href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rMnzNZkIX0&autoplay=1">Watch on YouTube</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></figcaption></figure></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"><p id="p_SyCaR" style="text-align: center;" name="p_SyCaR" class="" data-mce-style="text-align: center;">The Power of Storytelling <a href="https://youtu.be/1rMnzNZkIX0" class="" data-mce-href="https://youtu.be/1rMnzNZkIX0">https://youtu.be/1rMnzNZkIX0</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a8d4u-0-0"><span data-offset-key="a8d4u-2-0" class="">Harness the power of storytelling by adding global storytelling (having an arc to your writing with a beginning, middle, and end, etc.) and local storytelling elements (like including an incident that happened to you). Review </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-SFi" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/style"><span data-offset-key="a8d4u-3-0" class="">Chapter 5: Style</span></a><span data-offset-key="a8d4u-4-0" class=""> for more ideas.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_EyDw" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="demsd-0-0" name="h3_EyDw"><span data-offset-key="demsd-0-0" class="">Context and Genre</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="7sdj6-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7sdj6-0-0"><span data-offset-key="7sdj6-0-0" class="">One last consideration to keep in mind is the context in which you're communicating and whether there's an established genre or form your writing needs to fit into. To review the concepts of genre and context, see </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-foi" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_tools"><span data-offset-key="7sdj6-1-0" class="">Chapter 2: Writing Tools</span></a><span data-offset-key="7sdj6-2-0" class="">. Whether it be an online blog post, a resume, a poster presentation or a tweet, you need to understand the conventions people usually use when communicating. In fact, sometimes knowing the genre is all the information you need to understand the message.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="7sdj6-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="4033b-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4033b-0-0"><span data-offset-key="4033b-0-0" class="">For example, in the town where I live, there's an odd tradition that when high schoolers ask someone to a school dance, they usually do so in a creative way. Like, really creative. Like, Instagram-worthy. So one day, my family found this message on our doorstep.</span></div></div><figure class="" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="254pm-0-0"><div class="blockAlignmentToolbarHoCstyles__BlockAlignmentToolbarContainer-x3kbuy-0 eHCRaR"><div role="none" class=""><div class="Imagestyles__ImageContainer-sc-1m2aclr-0 fKWTZi"><figure class="col-12"><img class="img-fluid" alt="IMG_0115.JPG" format="center" src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_6.jpg" id="img_TUdP" name="img_TUdP" data-mce-src="https://open.byu.edu//content_images/advancedwriting/ICby_6.jpg"><div class="Imagestyles__Caption-sc-1m2aclr-5 kHuGCQ"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" style="text-align: center;" data-offset-key="254pm-0-0" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"><span data-offset-key="254pm-0-0" class=""> My son understood this date invitation because he knew the genre and context. Photo by the author, used with Abby's permission.</span></div></div></figure></div></div></div></figure><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-0" class="">Even though the words of Abby's message themselves weren't intelligible, we immediately understood the message because we understood the </span><em class="">genre</em><span data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-2" class=""> (unusual items left on doorsteps are usually dance invitations) and the </span><span data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-3" class="">context </span><span data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-4" class="">(we've seen the movie </span><em class="">The Guardians of the Galaxy</em><span data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-6" class="">, so we caught the reference to the plant creature who speaks using only one phrase: "I am Groot."). In fact, by referencing a popular movie and challenging the typical genre of dance invitations, Abby made a better—and funnier—invitation than if she'd simply said her message straight out. This is why understanding genre and context can really help you get your own message across—even in your love life.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cq8eh-0-0"> </div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="bsmag-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bsmag-0-0"><span data-offset-key="bsmag-0-0" class="">The rest of this unit of the textbook (General Audiences) will be devoted to specific genres of general audience writing, so for help with particular types of communication like resumes, blog posts, or presentations, go to those chapters. In the meantime, let's finish our discussion with the best strategies for connecting with general audiences.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><h2 id="h2_JQpt" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="e56q7-0-0" name="h2_JQpt"><span data-offset-key="e56q7-0-0" class="">14.4 Strategies for General Writing</span></h2><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="77mbg-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="77mbg-0-0"><span data-offset-key="77mbg-0-0" class="">Where academic audiences are made up of people who generally study the same things as you, general audiences are just that—general. You can assume that your readers/listeners have generic knowledge about many different subjects, but they don't know any particulars about your field, so you'll have to fill in those gaps. But be careful not to use <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="jargon">jargon</span></span><span data-offset-key="77mbg-2-0" class=""> from your field because they'll get lost in the language and ignore your message. The best way to figure out what strategies work best for general audiences is to see this kind of translation writing in action.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_dUAX" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8bfgm-0-0" name="h3_dUAX"><span data-offset-key="8bfgm-0-0" class="">Academic vs General Audiences: Reporting on Research</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="85bu3-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="85bu3-0-0"><span data-offset-key="85bu3-0-0" class="">We're going to use our analytical skills again to figure out what characteristics are best used in general writing. Here's an example of how writers have translated academic research into the public sphere. First, read the <span class="glossary-link" role="button" data-anchor-name="abstract">abstract</span></span><span data-offset-key="85bu3-2-0" class=""> of this academic article called </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494418302731" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-VepY" data-unshortened-url="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494418302731" data-mce-href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494418302731"><span data-offset-key="85bu3-3-0" class="">"There's No Place Like Home: The Associations Between Residential Attributes and Family Functioning"</span></a><span data-offset-key="85bu3-4-0" class=""> (click on the link or scroll down below). Then skim through the article. You don't have to read everything—just understand what it's about and notice how the authors use academic language to portray their message.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="85bu3-0-0"> </div></div><div id="" class="common-editor__iframe Iframestyles__Container-accts1-0 gPkGbi"><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 400px;" data-mce-fragment="1" class="" data-mce-style="width: 100%; height: 400px;" src="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494418302731"></iframe></div></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><span data-offset-key="45mn3-0-0" class="">Next, read </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://news.byu.edu/news/how-you-feel-about-your-home-more-important-size" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-ZAM" data-unshortened-url="https://news.byu.edu/news/how-you-feel-about-your-home-more-important-size" data-mce-href="https://news.byu.edu/news/how-you-feel-about-your-home-more-important-size"><span data-offset-key="45mn3-1-0" class="">this newspaper article</span></a><span data-offset-key="45mn3-2-0" class=""> that introduces this research to a general audience (click on the link or scroll down below). Note the tools the author uses to appeal to this broader, less academic audience.</span></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"> </div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="a1tc8-0-0"><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 400px;" data-mce-fragment="1" class="" data-etb-src="https://news.byu.edu/news/how-you-feel-about-your-home-more-important-size" data-mce-style="width: 100%; height: 400px;"></iframe><div class="callout info"><h3 id="h3_TuJh" name="h3_TuJh" class="">Make the Connection</h3><div class="form-group"><p id="p_FRYn" name="p_FRYn" class="">List 2-3 strategies that the author of the newspaper article used to translate the academic research article to a more general/public audience? Which strategies do you think are the most helpful and that you can use when you write for a general audience?</p></div></div><p id="p_qKYo" name="p_qKYo" class="">I hope you noticed things like the use of good visuals to draw the reader in, the conversational tone, the easy explanations of the research, the lack of jargon, and the use of direct quotes from the article's author himself. This made it feel like the wrtier was telling the story of how the research came to be rather than just reporting on data. These are all strategies that can come in handy when you're translating something academic into something for the public.</p><p id="p_JSWV" name="p_JSWV" class="">Here's a table that sums up the contrasting strategies generally used in Academic versus General Writing.</p><div class="table-responsive"><table class="mce-item-table"><tbody class=""><tr class=""><th scope="col" class="">Academic Audience Writing</th><th scope="col" class="">          </th><th scope="col" class="">General Audience Writing</th></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Long paragraphs</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Short paragraphs</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Serious academic tone</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Engaging, friendly tone</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Synthesized claims/heavy referencing</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Logical progression/light referencing</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Clarity to avoid misunderstanding</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Clever wording to encourage insight</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Focus on knowledge and scientific advancement</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Focus on practical application</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Objective writing with solid backing</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Passionate writing with conviction</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Focus on data, methods, and results</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Focus on narrative and relevance to audience</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">Most appeals are to logic and authority/character</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Most appeals are to emotions and authority/character</td></tr><tr class=""><td class="">APA in-text citations and reference lists</td><td class="">          </td><td class="">Hyperlinks or endnotes for references</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="aqaam-0-0"><span data-offset-key="aqaam-0-0" class=""> </span></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="ecfe-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="ecfe-0-0"><span data-offset-key="ecfe-0-0" class="">As you can see, when you change audiences, you need to change your strategies. Some of these differences might not be as pronounced in some genre outlets; for example, some blogs operate more like academic outlets, are serious in tone, and require heavy, scholarly referencing. However, this table generally represents good rules to follow.</span></div></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="e2nkp" data-offset-key="dsbkf-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="dsbkf-0-0"><h3 id="h3_ZTNc" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="b4m27-0-0" name="h3_ZTNc"><span data-offset-key="b4m27-0-0" class="">Top Seven Hints for Writing for General Audiences</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="oa7h-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="oa7h-0-0"><span data-offset-key="oa7h-0-0" class="">Here are some last tips that will help your writing shine.</span></div></div><ul id="ul_zWGB" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ul" data-offset-key="4b393-0-0" name="ul_zWGB"><li id="li_gods" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="4b393-0-0" name="li_gods"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4b393-0-0"><strong class="">Anchor each new point, taking the reader on a journey.</strong><span data-offset-key="4b393-0-1" class=""> Use the first part of the sentence and subject skillfully to keep your audience engaged (sometimes flip the order of the sentence to achieve this level of engagement); be aware of the same principle as you transition from paragraph to paragraph. Use one-sentence zingers and varied sentence and paragraph length to maintain high interest from point to point. </span></div></li><li id="li_Udzo" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="5cpve-0-0" name="li_Udzo"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5cpve-0-0"><strong class="">Ax anything unessential.</strong><span data-offset-key="5cpve-0-1" class=""> Look at writing through the metaphor of finding a pot of gold in the woods. It can be found within 400 feet, but in the searching for it, you walk a mile. Which does your audience want—the 400 feet or the mile? When you have to cut things out, you are often cutting out the mile. These parts are hard to cut because they were personal to you and to the journey of finding the pot of gold, but the audience is not part of that journey. They generally want your message in the 400 feet. </span></div></li><li id="li_vviU" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="bpgv1-0-0" name="li_vviU"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bpgv1-0-0"><strong class="">Attribute sources with very short, but impressive elements.</strong><span data-offset-key="bpgv1-0-1" class=""> When citing a source and choosing what to include (e.g., author’s name, credentials, affiliation with an institution, professional background, name of recent article or book, etc.), try to include no more than two attributions and use those that are most impressive for the audience of your piece. Add quotes in places that are consistent with the original text to not misuse another author’s intent.</span></div></li><li id="li_WpTF" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="bv8vs-0-0" name="li_WpTF"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bv8vs-0-0"><strong class="">Angle your insights to help readers gain a new perspective.</strong><span data-offset-key="bv8vs-0-1" class=""> Know the point you are driving towards, even if the reader does not see it from the beginning. Consider starting with some of the most interesting parts of the idea or a story or place them closer to the first of the article (once interested, the reader can better deal later with the less interesting parts of the topic if they are already “hooked” on the article). Refine the ending to make sure readers finish with an unstated invitation to continue to think about your point. Don’t “overstay your welcome” by doing too much of a summary.</span></div></li><li id="li_Grnn" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="6mreq-0-0" name="li_Grnn"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6mreq-0-0"><strong class="">Allow authentic use of narrative to be real and to touch readers.</strong><span data-offset-key="6mreq-0-1" class=""> Paint a picture by using great adjectives; don’t be afraid to add emotional words to human experience to bring it to life. At times, this means that you slow down the pacing in order to give rich detail. If you begin or end with examples or stories, make sure that the tone stays consistent throughout, so the story is woven into the piece, rather than used as a stand-alone piece. Carefully consider the use of “you” and “your” since this speaks directly to the reader. When you choose to speak “second person” be sure you are speaking generally enough to include all of your audience, that you don’t inadvertently offend them by putting on a label or suggesting a belief or behavior they have that might not be very complimentary (to avoid making sweeping or inaccurate judgements). With a call to action, also be aware of how this might be taken by your audience.</span></div></li><li id="li_AdHS" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="83fvm-0-0" name="li_AdHS"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="83fvm-0-0"><strong class="">Analyze or interpret data or statistics to guide readers.</strong><span data-offset-key="83fvm-0-1" class=""> When describing research, simplify (it may help to think of a friend or neighbor); state findings in present tense and explain the conducting of a study in the past tense. Be careful about “dumbing down the research” so much that it confuses terms or overgeneralizes findings (e.g., consider whether the original researchers would be happy with your clarity and accuracy in describing their work). For your most important points that hinge on research or when introducing charts or graphs, take time to guide readers through complicated findings with helpful analysis, rather than assuming they will get the point if you only just mention the presence of findings in this area.</span></div></li><li id="li_UaRG" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="6b1qn-0-0" name="li_UaRG"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="6b1qn-0-0"><strong class="">Apply good APA protocols & hyperlinks to build transparency and trust.</strong><span data-offset-key="6b1qn-0-1" class=""> Use a good variety of resources that would be considered credible by your audience. Where you can, hyperlink to the original, using a key word or two to hyperlink the resource. In those cases and in other cases where the source is not internet based (e.g., a book), provide an endnote. (See this video, for example, with a brief information about how to </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://youtu.be/coSm06Lbtyc" data-mce-href="https://youtu.be/coSm06Lbtyc"><span data-offset-key="6b1qn-1-0" class="">insert endnotes</span></a><span data-offset-key="6b1qn-2-0" class=""> in Word.) Key points need good references to build credibility, but in public scholarship pieces, synthesis is not generally needed, nor is it necessary to be obtrusive about a heavy focus on naming or explaining sources in general—just be transparent and wise in the selection of sources (e.g., if all your sources are blogs that no one has heard of, the piece may not feel very authoritative). </span></div></li></ul><h3 id="h3_PMnk" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="4ppfk-0-0" name="h3_PMnk"><span data-offset-key="4ppfk-0-0" class="">Representing a Company or Group</span></h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="5a5mb-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5a5mb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5a5mb-0-0" class="">In some cases you will be writing under your own name; other times you'll be writing for a company or group. You always want to consider what your writing tells the reader about yourself and if you're building and protecting your reputation. But once you're writing on behalf of a company or group you have the added responsibility of representing them as well. If you can consciously keep your purpose, audience, genre, and context in mind every time you send out an email or text or post or reply on Slack, you will become much more adept at using the rhetorical situation for your and their benefit. Try to use the </span><a class="Linkstyles__StyledLink-va99s-0 jrRAFs" href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_processes" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-HgFr" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_processes" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/writing_processes"><span data-offset-key="5a5mb-1-0" class="">mindful writing techniques</span></a><span data-offset-key="5a5mb-2-0" class=""> from Chapter 3 and imagine you're reading your piece from your audience's perspective. Or even better, test your piece on actual readers and get feedback. Either way, you'll want to make sure you follow any Style Guides or standards that your company has.</span></div></div><h3 id="h3_mhPy" name="h3_mhPy" class="">Read an Example</h3><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="c8t59-0-0"><p id="p_AxzX" name="p_AxzX" class="">Finally, one of the best ways to learn how to write for a general audience is to read pieces written for general audiences. Shocking, I know. As a last exercise, choose of these examples of articles by undergraduate students in BYU's School of Family Life written and published for a general audience. Notice the strategies they use to make their article more appealing for a general audience, even when they're reporting on academic research that's been done on their topic.</p><p id="p_MezKv" name="p_MezKv" class="">Option #1: <a href="https://www.unitedfamilies.org/child-development/love-the-greatest-motivation-to-change/" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-XSh" data-unshortened-url="https://www.unitedfamilies.org/child-development/love-the-greatest-motivation-to-change/" data-mce-href="https://www.unitedfamilies.org/child-development/love-the-greatest-motivation-to-change/">Love: The Greatest Motivation to Change</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></p><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 400px;" data-mce-fragment="1" class="" data-etb-src="https://www.unitedfamilies.org/child-development/love-the-greatest-motivation-to-change/" data-mce-style="width: 100%; height: 400px;"></iframe> </div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="c8t59-0-0"> </div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="c8t59-0-0">Option #2: <a href="https://www.publichealthpost.org/research/longevity-of-utah-centenarians/" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-JtJ" data-unshortened-url="https://www.publichealthpost.org/research/longevity-of-utah-centenarians/" data-mce-href="https://www.publichealthpost.org/research/longevity-of-utah-centenarians/">Longevity Secrets of Utah Centarians</a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="c8t59-0-0"> </div><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="c8t59-0-0"><iframe style="width: 100%; height: 400px;" data-mce-fragment="1" class="" data-etb-src="https://www.publichealthpost.org/research/longevity-of-utah-centenarians/" data-mce-style="width: 100%; height: 400px;"></iframe><div class="callout info"><h3 id="h3_TuJh" name="h3_TuJh" class="">General Audience Examples</h3><div class="form-group"><p id="p_CbSe" name="p_CbSe" class="">Which article did you read? What strategies did the author(s) employ to appeal to a general audience? How can you incorporate these strategies into your own writing?</p></div></div><p id="p_nAQp" name="p_nAQp" class="">With practice, you'll learn how to easily transition between writing for an academic audience versus a general audience.The last three chapters of this textbook will take you through the most important genres for general audiences: professional portfolios, public texts, and presentations.</p><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="v29c-0-0"><a href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/professional_portfolio" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-DZs" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/professional_portfolio" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/professional_portfolio"><span data-offset-key="v29c-0-0" class="">Chapter 15: Job and Graduate School Applications</span></a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></div></div><ul id="ul_SKnw" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ul" data-offset-key="5689u-0-0" name="ul_SKnw"><li id="li_fIQn" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="5689u-0-0" name="li_fIQn"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5689u-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5689u-0-0" class="">Resume</span></div></li><li id="li_WUEQ" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="cu4g3-0-0" name="li_WUEQ"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="cu4g3-0-0"><span data-offset-key="cu4g3-0-0" class="">Cover Letter</span></div></li><li id="li_Yedt" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="8l9fg-0-0" name="li_Yedt"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="8l9fg-0-0"><span data-offset-key="8l9fg-0-0" class="">Interview</span></div></li><li id="li_zmow" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="avk1f-0-0" name="li_zmow"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="avk1f-0-0"><span data-offset-key="avk1f-0-0" class="">Graduate School Application Letter</span></div></li><li id="li_Bhbi" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="fuonf-0-0" name="li_Bhbi"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="fuonf-0-0"><span data-offset-key="fuonf-0-0" class="">CV (Curriculum Vitae)</span></div></li></ul><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="1psh8-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="1psh8-0-0"><a href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/public_texts" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-meZ" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/public_texts" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/public_texts"><span data-offset-key="1psh8-0-0" class="">Chapter 16: Public Texts</span></a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></div></div><ul id="ul_jQSY" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ul" data-offset-key="47sh9-0-0" name="ul_jQSY"><li id="li_ypvZ" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="47sh9-0-0" name="li_ypvZ"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="47sh9-0-0"><span data-offset-key="47sh9-0-0" class="">Memos and Email</span></div></li><li id="li_sdRn" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="68m96-0-0" name="li_sdRn"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="68m96-0-0"><span data-offset-key="68m96-0-0" class="">Social Media</span></div></li><li id="li_dITj" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="atn6h-0-0" name="li_dITj"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="atn6h-0-0"><span data-offset-key="atn6h-0-0" class="">Online Writing</span></div></li><li id="li_rJwo" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="94gqe-0-0" name="li_rJwo"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="94gqe-0-0"><span data-offset-key="94gqe-0-0" class="">Infographics and Data Visualization</span></div></li><li id="li_EbdC" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="9v2sb-0-0" name="li_EbdC"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="9v2sb-0-0"><span data-offset-key="9v2sb-0-0" class="">Opinion Editorials</span></div></li></ul><div class="common-editor__text" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="bsed9-0-0"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="bsed9-0-0"><a href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/presentations" class="" data-shortened-url="https://open.byu.edu/-WDTy" data-unshortened-url="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/presentations" data-mce-href="https://edtechbooks.org/advancedwriting/presentations"><span data-offset-key="bsed9-0-0" class="">Chapter 17: Presentations</span></a><br data-mce-bogus="1"></div></div><ul id="ul_CejC" class="public-DraftStyleDefault-ul" data-offset-key="5idei-0-0" name="ul_CejC"><li id="li_fhWF" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-reset public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="5idei-0-0" name="li_fhWF"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="5idei-0-0"><span data-offset-key="5idei-0-0" class="">Oral Presentations</span></div></li><li id="li_ujbV" class="common-editor__text--list public-DraftStyleDefault-unorderedListItem public-DraftStyleDefault-depth0 public-DraftStyleDefault-listLTR" data-block="true" data-editor="5k0qm" data-offset-key="2a2dp-0-0" name="li_ujbV"><div class="public-DraftStyleDefault-block public-DraftStyleDefault-ltr" data-offset-key="2a2dp-0-0"><span data-offset-key="2a2dp-0-0" class="">Poster Presentations</span></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div>